On the complementarity of pulsar timing and space laser interferometry for the individual detection of supermassive black hole binaries

Gravitational waves coming from Super Massive Black Hole Binaries (SMBHBs) are targeted by both Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) and Space Laser Interferometry (SLI). The possibility of a single SMBHB being tracked first by PTA, through inspiral, and later by SLI, up to merger and ring down, has been previously suggested. Although the bounding parameters are drawn by the current PTA or the upcoming Square Kilometer Array (SKA), and by the New Gravitational Observatory (NGO), derived from the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), this paper also addresses sequential detection beyond specific project constraints. We consider PTA-SKA, which is sensitive from 10^(-9) to p x 10^(-7) Hz (p=4, 8), and SLI, which operates from s x 10^(-5) up to 1 Hz (s = 1, 3). A SMBHB in the range 2x 10^(8) - 2 x 10^(9) solar masses (the masses are normalised to a (1+z) factor, the red shift lying between z = 0.2 and z=1.5) moves from the PTA-SKA to the SLI band over a period ranging from two months to fifty years. By combining three Super Massive Black Hole (SMBH)-host relations with three accretion prescriptions, nine astrophysical scenarios are formed. They are then related to three levels of pulsar timing residuals (50, 5, 1 ns), generating twenty-seven cases. For residuals of 1 ns, sequential detection probability will never be better than 4.7 x 10^(-4) y^(-2) or 3.3 x 10^(-6) y^(-2) (per year to merger and per year of survey), according to the best and worst astrophysical scenarios, respectively; put differently this means one sequential detection every 46 or 550 years for an equivalent maximum time to merger and duration of the survey. The chances of sequential detection are further reduced by increasing values of the s parameter (they vanish for s = 10) and of the SLI noise, and by decreasing values of the remnant spin. REST OF THE ABSTRACT IN THE PDF FILE.Comment: To appear in the Astrophysical Journa

Particle acoustic detection in gravitational wave aluminum resonant antennas

The results on cosmic rays detected by the gravitational antenna NAUTILUS have motivated an experiment (RAP) based on a suspended cylindrical bar, which is made of the same aluminum alloy as NAUTILUS and is exposed to a high energy electron beam. Mechanical vibrations originate from the local thermal expansion caused by warming up due to the energy lost by particles crossing the material. The aim of the experiment is to measure the amplitude of the fundamental longitudinal vibration at different temperatures. We report on the results obtained down to a temperature of about 4 K, which agree at the level of about 10% with the predictions of the model describing the underlying physical process.Comment: RAP experiment, 16 pages, 7 figure

On the possible sources of gravitational wave bursts detectable today

We discuss the possibility that galactic gravitational wave sources might give burst signals at a rate of several events per year, detectable by state-of-the-art detectors. We are stimulated by the results of the data collected by the EXPLORER and NAUTILUS bar detectors in the 2001 run, which suggest an excess of coincidences between the two detectors, when the resonant bars are orthogonal to the galactic plane. Signals due to the coalescence of galactic compact binaries fulfill the energy requirements but are problematic for lack of known candidates with the necessary merging rate. We examine the limits imposed by galactic dynamics on the mass loss of the Galaxy due to GW emission, and we use them to put constraints also on the GW radiation from exotic objects, like binaries made of primordial black holes. We discuss the possibility that the events are due to GW bursts coming repeatedly from a single or a few compact sources. We examine different possible realizations of this idea, such as accreting neutron stars, strange quark stars, and the highly magnetized neutron stars (``magnetars'') introduced to explain Soft Gamma Repeaters. Various possibilities are excluded or appear very unlikely, while others at present cannot be excluded.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figure

Measurement of mechanical vibrations excited in aluminium resonators by 0.6 GeV electrons

We present measurements of mechanical vibrations induced by 0.6 GeV electrons impinging on cylindrical and spherical aluminium resonators. To monitor the amplitude of the resonator's vibrational modes we used piezoelectric ceramic sensors, calibrated by standard accelerometers. Calculations using the thermo-acoustic conversion model, agree well with the experimental data, as demonstrated by the specific variation of the excitation strengths with the absorbed energy, and with the traversing particles' track positions. For the first longitudinal mode of the cylindrical resonator we measured a conversion factor of 7.4 +- 1.4 nm/J, confirming the model value of 10 nm/J. Also, for the spherical resonator, we found the model values for the L=2 and L=1 mode amplitudes to be consistent with our measurement. We thus have confirmed the applicability of the model, and we note that calculations based on the model have shown that next generation resonant mass gravitational wave detectors can only be expected to reach their intended ultra high sensitivity if they will be shielded by an appreciable amount of rock, where a veto detector can reduce the background of remaining impinging cosmic rays effectively.Comment: Tex-Article with epsfile, 34 pages including 13 figures and 5 tables. To be published in Rev. Scient. Instr., May 200

Experimental study of high energy electron interactions in a superconducting aluminum alloy resonant bar

Peak amplitude measurements of the fundamental mode of oscillation of a suspended aluminum alloy bar hit by an electron beam show that the amplitude is enhanced by a factor ~3.5 when the material is in the superconducting state. This result is consistent with the cosmic ray observations made by the resonant gravitational wave detector NAUTILUS, made of the same alloy, when operated in the superconducting state. A comparison of the experimental data with the predictions of the model describing the underlying physical process is also presented

Vibrational excitation induced by electron beam and cosmic rays in normal and superconductive aluminum bars

We report new measurements of the acoustic excitation of an Al5056 superconductive bar when hit by an electron beam, in a previously unexplored temperature range, down to 0.35 K. These data, analyzed together with previous results of the RAP experiment obtained for T > 0.54 K, show a vibrational response enhanced by a factor 4.9 with respect to that measured in the normal state. This enhancement explains the anomalous large signals due to cosmic rays previously detected in the NAUTILUS gravitational wave detector.Comment: 28 pages, 13 figure

De-excitation of even-even isotopes of Yb, Hf and W produced in (p, xnγ) reactions

The population of ground state rotational bands in the even-even deformed nuclides 166,168Yb, 170,172,174Hf, and 178,180 W has been observed in reactions induced by 18 to 57 MeV protons. Detailed calculations are performed on the basis of the statistical model of the compound-nucleus-reaction de-excitation process, and it is concluded that the experimental results can be satisfactorily explained. The mean moments of inertia of the nuclei produced in the reactions are deduced, for an estimated residual excitation energy of 6 MeV, and found to amount to no more than 50 % of the corresponding rigid sphere figures. The obtained values are compared, and shown to be in agreement, with the previsions of the independent pairing model of Lang and Le Couteur.La population des bandes rotationnelles du niveau fondamental des noyaux déformés pairs 166,168 Yb, 170,172,174Hf et 178,180W a été observée en étudiant des réactions induites par des protons de 18 jusqu'à 57 MeV. On a analysé en détail la désexcitation des noyaux dans le cadre du modèle statistique et on peut affirmer que les résultats de l'expérience sont bien reproduits. On a déterminé les valeurs moyennes des moments d'inertie des noyaux résiduels à 6 MeV d'excitation et on les trouve inférieures à 50 % des valeurs correspondantes pour une sphère rigide. Cette détermination est en bon accord avec les prévisions du modèle de Lang et Le Couteur